Press Releases by Category Chemicals & Materials
High Strength Steel Market on the Rise: Automotive Innovation Fuels Demand Surge
According to SkyQuest Technology Group, High strength steel Market size is poised to grow from USD 42.47 billion in 2024 to USD 77.46 billion by 2032, growing at a CAGR of 7.8% during the forecast period (2025-2032). These findings equip business leaders with essential insights to develop effective strategies and enhance profitability, while also serving as a valuable resource for emerging businesses, helping them make informed decisions as they…
Hydrophobic Silica Manufacturing Plant Project Report- Detailed Process Flow, Un …
IMARC Group's "Hydrophobic Silica Manufacturing Plant Project Report 2025: Industry Trends, Plant Setup, Machinery, Raw Materials, Investment Opportunities, Cost and Revenue" report provides a comprehensive guide on how to successfully set up a hydrophobic silica manufacturing plant. The report offers clarifications on various aspects, such as unit operations, raw material requirements, utility supply, infrastructural needs, machinery models, labour necessities, transportation timelines, packaging costs, etc.
In addition to the operational aspects, the…
Recycled Waste Paper Manufacturing Plant Report 2025- Setup Details, Machinery R …
IMARC Group's "Recycled Waste Paper Manufacturing Plant Project Report 2025: Industry Trends, Plant Setup, Machinery, Raw Materials, Investment Opportunities, Cost and Revenue" report provides a comprehensive guide on how to successfully set up a recycled waste paper manufacturing plant. The report offers clarifications on various aspects, such as unit operations, raw material requirements, utility supply, infrastructural needs, machinery models, labour necessities, transportation timelines, packaging costs, etc.
In addition to the operational…
White Spirit Market Investments, Share and Revenue Analysis Report to 2031
InsightAce Analytic Pvt. Ltd. announces the release of a market assessment report on the "Global White Spirit Market Size, Share & Trends Analysis Report By Product (Type 0, Type 1, Type 2, And Type 3), Application (Solvent Extraction, Paint Thinner, Cleaning, Degreasing, Fuel, And Disinfectant)- Market Outlook And Industry Analysis 2031"
The global white spirit market is estimated to reach over USD 12.09 billion by 2031, exhibiting a CAGR of 6.67%…
Bitumen Emulsifiers Market Is Booming So Rapidly | AkzoNobel, Sasol, Kraton
The Global Bitumen Emulsifiers Market Size is estimated at $64 Billion in 2025 and is forecast to register an annual growth rate (CAGR) of 7.7% to reach $124.8 Billion by 2034.
The latest study released on the Global Bitumen Emulsifiers Market by USD Analytics Market evaluates market size, trend, and forecast to 2034. The Bitumen Emulsifiers market study covers significant research data and proofs to be a handy resource document for…
Masterbatches Market Study by Region (North America, Latin America, Europe, Asia …
2025 - Pristine Market Insights, a leading market research firm, announced the release of its latest and comprehensive market research report on Masterbatches market. The report spans over 500 pages and delivers 10-year market forecast in US dollars (or custom currencies upon request). It provides in-depth analysis of market dynamics (drivers, opportunities, restraints), PESTLE insights, latest industry trends, and demand factors. The report includes segmented market value, share (%),…
Lithium Niobate Market Expansion: Impact of New Innovations on Telecommunication …
The Global Lithium Niobate Market is expected to grow at a high CAGR during the forecast period (2024-2031).
Lithium Niobate Market report, published by DataM Intelligence, provides in-depth insights and analysis on key market trends, growth opportunities, and emerging challenges. Committed to delivering actionable intelligence, DataM Intelligence empowers businesses to make informed decisions and stay ahead of the competition. Through a combination of qualitative and quantitative research methods, it offers comprehensive…
Agricultural Micronutrients Market Poised to Hit $8454.35 Million by 2032 as Soi …
According to SkyQuest Technology Group, Agricultural Micronutrients Market size is poised to grow from USD 4567.62 Million in 2024 to USD 8454.35 Million by 2032, growing at a CAGR of 8% during the forecast period (2025-2032). These findings equip business leaders with essential insights to develop effective strategies and enhance profitability, while also serving as a valuable resource for emerging businesses, helping them make informed decisions as they navigate the…
Polyaluminium Chloride (PAC) Solution Market Size and Growth Forecast by Applica …
USA, New Jersey- According to Market Research Intellect, the global Polyaluminium Chloride (PAC) Solution market in the Internet, Communication and Technology category is projected to witness significant growth from 2025 to 2032. Market dynamics, technological advancements, and evolving consumer demand are expected to drive expansion during this period.
The Polyaluminium Chloride (PAC) Solution Market is experiencing steady growth due to its increasing use in water treatment, wastewater management, and industrial applications.…
Global Chlorinated Polyethylene Market Trends & Forecast 2024-2031 | Dow Chemica …
Chlorinated Polyethylene Market is expected to grow at a CAGR of 7.3% during the forecast period 2024-2031
Chlorinated Polyethylene Market report, published by DataM Intelligence, provides in-depth insights and analysis on key market trends, growth opportunities, and emerging challenges. Committed to delivering actionable intelligence, DataM Intelligence empowers businesses to make informed decisions and stay ahead of the competition. Through a combination of qualitative and quantitative research methods, it offers comprehensive reports…
Graphene Oxide (GO) Market Forecast 2025-2034 Analysing Major Trends, Opportunit …
The "Exactitude Consultancy: Graphene Oxide (GO) Market Insights and Forecast 2034" report provides an in-depth analysis of the global Graphene Oxide (GO) market, offering insights into market trends, drivers, and the future growth trajectory from 2025 to 2034. Industry leaders, investors, and stakeholders can leverage this detailed report to make informed decisions and stay ahead in a rapidly evolving market.
This report is also available in the following languages : Japanese…
Purified Terephthalic Acid (PTA) Market Is Booming Worldwide | Latest Study Reve …
In 2023, the global purified terephthalic acid (PTA) market was estimated at approximately USD 62.06 billion. By 2032, it is projected to grow to around USD 97.94 billion, with a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of approximately 5.20% from 2024 to 2032.
Purified Terephthalic Acid (PTA) Market Overview
Purified terephthalic acid (PTA) is a key raw material primarily used in producing polyester fibers and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) resins, which are extensively utilized…
Ethylene Glycol Manufacturing Plant Setup Report 2025, Machinery, Cost Analysis …
IMARC Group's report, "Ethylene Glycol Manufacturing Plant Project Report 2025: Industry Trends, Plant Setup, Machinery, Raw Materials, Investment Opportunities, Cost and Revenue," offers a comprehensive guide for establishing a manufacturing plant. The ethylene glycol plant report offers insights into the manufacturing process, financials, capital investment, expenses, ROI, and more for informed business decisions.
Ethylene Glycol Manufacturing Plant Project Report Summary: -
• Comprehensive guide for setting up an ethylene glycol manufacturing plant.
• Covers…
Berberine HCL Market Size | Trends, Demand & Forecast 2024-2031 | Top key player …
The Global Berberine HCL Market reached US$ 16.75 billion in 2024 and is expected to reach US$ 37.81 billion by 2032, growing with a CAGR of 10.71% during the forecast period 2025-2032.
Berberine HCL Market report, published by DataM Intelligence, provides in-depth insights and analysis on key market trends, growth opportunities, and emerging challenges. Committed to delivering actionable intelligence, DataM Intelligence empowers businesses to make informed decisions and stay ahead of…
Barrier Resins Market Is Booming So Rapidly | INVISTA, Kuraray, Kureha
The Global Barrier Resins Market Size is estimated at $15.4 Billion in 2025 and is forecast to register an annual growth rate (CAGR) of 5.7% to reach $25.4 Billion by 2034.
The latest study released on the Global Barrier Resins Market by USD Analytics Market evaluates market size, trend, and forecast to 2034. The Barrier Resins market study covers significant research data and proofs to be a handy resource document for…
Natural Zeolite Market is Projected to Reach US$ 17.98 Billion by 2034, Expandin …
The global natural zeolite market is anticipated to register a turnover of US$ 13.25 billion in 2024 and is also predicted to progress at a CAGR of 3.1% to reach a value of US$ 17.98 billion by the end of 2034.
The application of natural zeolites is growing as a fertilizer and soil additive due to their ability to enhance nutrient retention, enhance soil quality, and allow water absorption. They are…
Geocomposites Market Is Booming So Rapidly | Tenax, Raven, Tensar
The Global Geocomposites Market Size is estimated at $789.7 Million in 2025 and is forecast to register an annual growth rate (CAGR) of 11.2% to reach $2053.2 Million by 2034.
The latest study released on the Global Geocomposites Market by USD Analytics Market evaluates market size, trend, and forecast to 2034. The Geocomposites market study covers significant research data and proofs to be a handy resource document for managers, analysts, industry…
Sodium Chloride Market Is Likely to Experience a Tremendous Growth in Near Futur …
The Global Sodium Chloride Market Size is estimated at $28.8 Billion in 2025 and is forecast to register an annual growth rate (CAGR) of 2.2% to reach $35.1 Billion by 2034.
The latest study released on the Global Sodium Chloride Market by USD Analytics Market evaluates market size, trend, and forecast to 2034. The Sodium Chloride market study covers significant research data and proofs to be a handy resource document for…
Isobutyric Acid Market Set to Expand at a 7.6% CAGR, Reaching US$ 304.9 Mn by 20 …
The global isobutyric acid market is poised for robust growth, with projections indicating an expansion at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 7.6%, reaching a market value of US$ 304.9 million by 2031. Isobutyric acid is a branched-chain carboxylic acid widely used in the manufacturing of various chemical products, including flavors, fragrances, and as an intermediate for the production of various chemicals such as synthetic lubricants, plasticizers, and pharmaceuticals.…
Fertilizer Catalyst Market is Expected to Reach US$ 3.2 billion, Growing at a CA …
The global fertilizer catalyst market is estimated to reach revenue of US$ 2.48 billion in 2024 and has been extensively studied to grow at 2.6% CAGR to reach a value of US$ 3.2 billion by 2034-end.
Fertilizer demand is growing as a result of the increasing demand for food security, which in terms is raising the demand for catalysts which enhance crop yield potential and enhance fertilizer production efficiency. The demand…
Tow Prepreg Market Global Rising Demand & Huge Scope Till 2032
In 2023, the global tow prepreg market was valued at approximately $3.12 billion. Projections indicate that by 2030, this market will reach around $5.79 billion, reflecting a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 9.2% from 2024 to 2032.
Tow Prepreg Market Overview
The tow prepreg market is experiencing significant growth due to the rising demand for lightweight, high-strength materials in aerospace, automotive, and wind energy applications. Tow prepreg, which consists…
Polycarboxylate Ether Market Predicted to Reach US$ 12.07 Bn by 2031, Growing at …
The Polycarboxylate Ether (PCE) market is poised for significant growth, with predictions estimating its value to reach US$ 12.07 billion by 2031, expanding at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 5.6%. Polycarboxylate ether is a high-performance superplasticizer commonly used in the construction industry to enhance the workability and durability of concrete. This chemical compound is gaining traction in various applications beyond construction, thanks to its efficiency in reducing water…
Seltzers Market Shaping the Future of Technology and User Experience
On March 24, 2025, Exactitude Consultancy., Ltd. released a research report titled "Seltzers Market". This report covers the global Seltzers market sales, sales volume, price, market share, ranking of major companies, etc., and provides a detailed analysis by region, country, product type, and application. It also forecasts the market size of automotive kick sensors based on market patterns from 2020 to 2034 and future market trends. Along with quantitative data,…
Yttrium Market is Projected to Reach US$ 179.92 Million by 2034 with a 4.6% CAGR …
Global revenue from the market of yttrium is estimated to be US$ 114.9 million in 2024 and is likely to rise at a CAGR of 4.6% to US$ 179.92 million by 2034.
Very crystalline iron-gray rare-earth element yttrium is most often added to alloys. It reinforces magnesium and aluminum alloys. Yttrium is applied in a vast array of ways and is a key market driver in construction and medications. The sector…
Metallurgical Coke Market Predicted to Reach US$ 285.9 Bn by 2031, Growing at a …
he metallurgical coke market is poised for steady growth, with a projected value of US$ 285.9 billion by 2031, expanding at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 3.7%. This market plays a pivotal role in the global steel industry, as metallurgical coke is an essential component in the production of steel and iron. It serves as a primary fuel and a reducing agent in blast furnaces, making it an…
Vinyl Ester Market Demand Rising - Key Trends & Forecast 2031 | Ashland Inc, Rei …
Global Vinyl Ester Market is Expected to grow at a CAGR of 5% during the forecast period 2024-2031.
Vinyl Ester Market report, published by DataM Intelligence, provides in-depth insights and analysis on key market trends, growth opportunities, and emerging challenges. Committed to delivering actionable intelligence, DataM Intelligence empowers businesses to make informed decisions and stay ahead of the competition. Through a combination of qualitative and quantitative research methods, it offers comprehensive…
Bromine Prices & Reports - Stay Updated on Trends!
North America Bromine Prices Movement Last Quarter:
Bromine Prices in the United States:
During the second quarter of 2024, the U.S. Bromine Price Chart saw a significant rise, with prices hitting 2,333 USD/MT in June. The increase was mainly fueled by a sudden hike in demand from the flame-retardant sector. The supply of bromine also tightened as imports slowed down due to geopolitical tensions, adding to the pressure on prices. To…
Europe Optical Coating Market Predicted to Reach US$ 2.2 Bn by 2031, Growing at …
The optical coating market in Europe is on the path to significant growth, with projections indicating it will reach a value of US$ 2.2 billion by 2031. Growing at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 8.6%, this market is driven by increased demand across various industries for advanced optical technologies. Optical coatings are vital for enhancing the performance and durability of lenses, mirrors, and other optical components, making them…
Ascorbic Acid Prices & Trends - Stay Updated Daily!
North America Ascorbic Acid Prices Q4:
Ascorbic Acid Prices in United States:
The USA Q4 2024 Ascorbic Acid Price Trend reflected a constant uptrend, hitting $3,637 USD/MT in December, thanks mostly to robust demand from food and beverages, pharmaceuticals, and nutraceuticals. The consistent usage from such crucial industries maintained market values high throughout the period.
Finally, advancement in port facilities and decreased logistics bottlenecks enabled smoother supply chains, reinforcing the price…
Ceric Ammonium Nitrate Market Predicted to Reach US$ 338.8 Mn by 2031, Growing a …
The ceric ammonium nitrate (CAN) market is poised for steady growth, with projections estimating the market will reach a value of US$ 338.8 million by 2031. Ceric ammonium nitrate, a chemical compound commonly used as an oxidizing agent in various chemical reactions, plays a pivotal role in industries such as pharmaceuticals, environmental analysis, and chemical synthesis. As industries focus on improving product quality and environmental sustainability, CAN's application as a…
[Latest] The Rise of Automation in the Europe Epoxy Resin Market: Benefits and C …
New Jersey, United States,- Europe Epoxy Resin Market The growth can be attributed to the rising demand for epoxy resins in various applications such as construction, automotive, and electronics. The construction industry is one of the major consumers of epoxy resin, especially in the form of coatings, adhesives, and flooring solutions. Epoxy resins are also gaining momentum due to their excellent durability, resistance to corrosion, and environmental stability, making them…
Chromium Oxide Prices & Global Demand - Stay Informed!
Southern Africa Chromium Oxide Prices Movement Last Quarter:
Chromium Oxide Prices in South Africa:
In 2024, the South African price of chromium oxide reached 2,773 USD/MT, driven by a combination of local and international market factors. The compound is essential in many industries, such as pigment manufacturing, refractory products, and metallurgy, and it experienced consistent demand throughout the year. Due to the abundance of chromium reserves in South Africa and the…
Europe Styrene Butadiene Rubber Market to Grow Steadily, Hitting US$ 16.1 Bn by …
The Europe styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) market is experiencing steady growth, with projections indicating that it will reach a value of US$ 16.1 billion by 2031. Styrene butadiene rubber, a synthetic rubber made from styrene and butadiene monomers, is widely used in industries such as automotive, footwear, and consumer goods due to its excellent durability, wear resistance, and performance under various temperatures. The European market is driven by the increasing…
Perfluorinated Polymers Market Size By Application, By Type, By Geographic Scope …
USA, New Jersey- According to Market Research Intellect, the global Perfluorinated Polymers market in the Internet, Communication and Technology category is projected to witness significant growth from 2025 to 2032. Market dynamics, technological advancements, and evolving consumer demand are expected to drive expansion during this period.
The Perfluorinated Polymers market is experiencing steady growth due to the increasing demand for high-performance materials in various industries like electronics, automotive, aerospace, and healthcare.…
Europe Cathode Material Market to Expand at 14.4% CAGR Through 2031 - Persistenc …
The cathode materials market in Europe is witnessing rapid growth, driven by a range of factors that contribute to its expansion in the coming years. Expected to grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 14.4% through 2031, the European market for cathode materials is becoming a significant player in the global energy storage and electric vehicle (EV) industries. The growing demand for lithium-ion batteries, driven by the surge…
Propylene Carbonate Market to Reach USD 468.2 Million by 2031, Growing at a 5.8% …
Overview of the Market
The propylene carbonate market is on a steady growth trajectory, with an estimated market value of US$275.5 million in 2024, expected to reach US$468.2 million by 2031. This growth is propelled by an impressive compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 5.8% over the forecast period from 2024 to 2031. Propylene carbonate is gaining importance in various sectors such as electronics, automotive, paints & coatings, personal care, and…
Liquid Silicone Rubber Market to Expand at 8.4% CAGR Through 2031 - Persistence …
The liquid silicone rubber (LSR) market is experiencing significant growth and is projected to expand at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 8.4% through 2031. LSR has gained substantial traction in various industries due to its outstanding properties, including high thermal stability, flexibility, and chemical resistance. These properties make LSR ideal for a wide range of applications, particularly in industries such as automotive, medical, electronics, and consumer goods. As…
Europe Organic Fertilizer Market to Reach USD 7.1 Billion by 2031, Growing at a …
The Europe organic fertilizer market has been undergoing significant growth due to the increasing demand for sustainable agricultural practices and organic food production. With a projected market size of US$7.1 billion by 2031, up from US$4.2 billion in 2024, the market is set to grow at a robust compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 7.8% from 2024 to 2031. This growth is driven by several key factors, including the rising…
Ethylene Oxide Market: A Comprehensive Overview
Ethylene oxide (EO) is a colorless and highly reactive gas primarily used in the production of a wide range of chemical products. Its significance lies in its versatility, as it serves as an intermediate compound in the manufacturing of several industrial chemicals, including ethylene glycol, which is extensively used in the automotive, textile, and manufacturing industries. The global ethylene oxide market has witnessed substantial growth over the past few decades,…
Tantalum Prices 2025: Market Trends, Supply Challenges & Price Forecast
North America Tantalum Prices Movement Q4:
Tantalum Prices in United States:
In Q4 2024, tantalum prices in the USA rose to 194,175 USD/MT in December, marking a 2.52% increase from the previous year. This slight rise was driven by higher freight rates and early signs of demand recovery in the superalloys sector. Despite market fluctuations, stable industrial consumption helped sustain price levels.
Get the Real-Time Prices Analysis: https://www.imarcgroup.com/tantalum-pricing-report/requestsample
Note: The analysis can be tailored…
U.S. Perfume Ingredient Chemicals Market Poised for Growth at a 5.3% CAGR Throug …
The U.S. perfume ingredient chemicals market is experiencing significant growth, driven by a variety of factors including consumer preferences, technological advancements, and evolving industry dynamics. This market, which plays a vital role in the fragrance industry, is expected to expand from an estimated US$7.2 billion in 2024 to US$10.3 billion by 2031. With a projected compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 5.3% from 2024 to 2031, the market is poised…
Dolomite Prices 2025: Market Trends, Demand Analysis & Price Forecast
North America Dolomite Prices Movement Q4:
Dolomite Prices in United States:
In Q4 2024, dolomite prices in the USA fluctuated, reaching 284 USD/MT in December. Increased demand from infrastructure and construction projects drove price shifts, while regulatory changes in mining impacted market stability. Additionally, sustainability initiatives promoting eco-friendly extraction methods influenced pricing trends, shaping overall market dynamics by the quarter's end.
Get the Real-Time Prices Analysis: https://www.imarcgroup.com/dolomite-pricing-report/requestsample
Note: The analysis can be tailored to…
Hydrofluoroolefin Market Size Will Grow at 11.4% CAGR by 2031 | Persistence Mark …
Hydrofluoroolefins (HFOs) are gaining significant traction as environmentally friendly refrigerants, solvents, and blowing agents, offering a sustainable alternative to traditional hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) and other greenhouse gas-emitting compounds. These compounds are rapidly becoming crucial in a wide range of industrial applications, including refrigeration, air conditioning, and foam production. The global hydrofluoroolefin market is expected to grow at a remarkable compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 11.4% by 2031, according to a…
How To Setup an Acrylic Acid Manufacturing Plant - Report by IMARC Group
Setting up an acrylic acid manufacturing facility necessitates a detailed market analysis alongside granular insights into various operational aspects, including unit processes, raw material procurement, utility provisions, infrastructure setup, machinery and technology specifications, workforce planning, logistics, and financial considerations.
IMARC Group's report titled "Acrylic Acid Manufacturing Plant Project Report 2025: Industry Trends, Plant Setup, Machinery, Raw Materials, Investment Opportunities, Cost and Revenue" offers a comprehensive guide for establishing an acrylic…
Stainless Steel Plate Prices in 2025: Trends, Demand & Market Forecast
North America Stainless Steel Plate Prices Movement Q4:
Stainless Steel Plate Prices in United States:
In Q4 2024, stainless steel plate prices in the USA reached 3,785 USD/MT in December, influenced by fluctuations in nickel and chromium costs. Domestic production levels and international trade regulations played a crucial role in market stability. While steady supply conditions occasionally helped control prices, shifts in mill output and industrial demand introduced periodic volatility, shaping overall…
U.S. High Purity Quartz Market to Reach USD 185.3 Million by 2031, Growing at a …
Overview of the U.S. High Purity Quartz Market
The U.S. high purity quartz (HPQ) market is on a steady growth trajectory, with estimates suggesting an increase from $125.7 million in 2024 to $185.3 million by 2031, reflecting a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 5.7%. This surge is largely driven by the growing demand for high-purity quartz in industries like electronics, renewable energy, and advanced optical technologies. The proliferation of solar…
Silver Prices Surge in 2025: Market Trends, Demand Analysis & Forecast Report
North America Silver Prices Movement Q4:
Silver Prices in United States:
In Q4 2024, silver prices in the USA surged, reaching 31.3 USD/toz in December, driven by Federal Reserve interest rate cuts that weakened the dollar and boosted silver's appeal as an investment. As a more affordable alternative to gold, silver attracted increased investor interest, further supporting its price rise.
Additionally, strong industrial demand from sectors like solar energy, electronics, and electric vehicles…
Photonic IC Market is expected to reach US$ 31.7 Billion by 2031, growing with a …
Global Photonic IC Market reached US$ 3.2 Billion in 2023 and is expected to reach US$ 31.7 Billion by 2031, growing with a CAGR of 33.2% during the forecast period 2024-2031.
Photonic IC Market report, published by DataM Intelligence, provides in-depth insights and analysis on key market trends, growth opportunities, and emerging challenges. Committed to delivering actionable intelligence, DataM Intelligence empowers businesses to make informed decisions and stay ahead of the…
Global Heavy Water (D20) Market Research Report 2025-2033
The Global Heavy Water (D20) Market was valued at US$ 56.2 million in 2024 and is projected to reach US$ 127.8 million by 2033, at a CAGR of 8.7% during the forecast period. Heavy water, made from deuterium (a hydrogen isotope), is used in industries like NMR solvents, semiconductors, and pharmaceuticals. The market is dominated by key players such as Isowater, Cambridge Isotope Laboratories, and Mesbah Energy, with North America…
Gulbrandsen to boost Polyethylene Wax Capacity, build new Functional Polymer Fac …
Dahej, India - March 24, 2025 -- News
Gulbrandsen, a global leader in the production of specialty polyethylene waxes and polymers, today announced its plans to build additional polyethylene wax manufacturing capacity and a new functional polymers plant at its site in Dahej, India.
Expected to be operational by mid-2026, this expansion will help Gulbrandsen increase its specialty polymers and wax production to meet growing global demand, ensure supply reliability, and…
