The V2X (Vehicle-To-Everything) Communications Ecosystem: 2019 – 2030 – Opportunities, Challenges, Strategies & Forecasts

Commonly referred to as V2X, vehicle-to-everything communications technology allows vehicles to directly communicate with each other, roadside infrastructure, and other road users to deliver an array of benefits in the form of road safety, traffic efficiency, smart mobility, environmental sustainability, and driver convenience. In addition, V2X is also helping pave the way for fully autonomous driving through its unique non line-of-sight sensing capability which allows vehicles to detect potential hazards, traffic, and road conditions from longer distances and sooner than other in-vehicle sensors such as cameras, radar, and LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging).

Although legacy V2I (Vehicle-to-Infrastructure) technologies are currently in operational use worldwide for ETC (Electronic Toll Collection) and relatively simple V2I applications, advanced V2X systems – capable of supporting V2V (Vehicle-to-Vehicle), V2I and other forms of V2X communications – are beginning to gain broad commercial acceptance with two competing technologies vying for the attention of automakers and regulators: the commercially mature IEEE 802.11p/DSRC (Dedicated Short Range Communications) standard, and the relatively new 3GPP-defined C-V2X (Cellular V2X) technology which has a forward evolutionary path towards 5G.

With an initial focus on road safety and traffic efficiency applications, Toyota and GM (General Motors) have already equipped some of their vehicle models with IEEE 802.11p-based V2X technology in Japan and North America. Among other commercial commitments, Volkswagen will begin deploying IEEE 802.11p on volume models in Europe starting from 2019, while Geely and Ford plan to integrate C-V2X in their new vehicles by 2021 and 2022 respectively. It is also worth nothing that a number of luxury automakers – including BMW, Daimler, Volkswagen’s subsidiary Audi, and Volvo Cars – already deliver certain V2X-type applications through wide-area cellular connectivity and supporting infrastructure such as appropriately equipped roadwork trailers.

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Despite the ongoing 802.11p/DSRC versus C-V2X debate, regulatory uncertainty and other challenges, global spending on V2X communications technology is expected to grow at a CAGR of more than 170% between 2019 and 2022. SNS Telecom & IT predicts that by the end of 2022, V2X will account for a market worth $1.2 Billion, with an installed base of nearly 6 Million V2X-equipped vehicles worldwide.

The “V2X (Vehicle-to-Everything) Communications Ecosystem: 2019 – 2030 – Opportunities, Challenges, Strategies & Forecasts” report presents an in-depth assessment of the V2X ecosystem including market drivers, challenges, enabling technologies, application scenarios, use cases, business models, key trends, standardization, spectrum availability/allocation, regulatory landscape, V2X deployment case studies, opportunities, future roadmap, value chain, ecosystem player profiles and strategies. The report also presents market size forecasts from 2019 till 2030. The forecasts cover four submarkets, two air interface technologies, 10 application categories and five regions.

The report comes with an associated Excel datasheet suite covering quantitative data from all numeric forecasts presented in the report.

Topics Covered

The report covers the following topics:

V2X ecosystem
Market drivers and barriers
V2V, V2I, V2P/V2D, V2N and other types of V2X communications
V2X architecture and key elements
V2X transmission modes, message sets and service capabilities
IEEE 802.11p, C-V2X and other enabling technologies for V2X communications
Complementary technologies including ADAS (Advanced Driver Assistance Systems), precision positioning, edge & cloud computing, network slicing, artificial intelligence, machine learning, Big Data and advanced analytics
Key trends including the adoption of V2X as an integral part of automakers’ vehicle development roadmaps; commercial readiness of V2X systems capable of supporting both IEEE 802.11p and C-V2X; launch of large scale, city-wide V2X deployments; availability of nationally and transnationally scalable V2X SCMS (Security Credential Management System) service offerings; emergence of motorcycle-specific V2X safety applications; use of V2V communications to support truck platooning systems; and delivery of certain V2X-type applications through wide-area cellular connectivity
Review of more than 160 V2X applications – ranging from safety-related warnings and traffic light advisories to “”see-through”” visibility and fully autonomous driving
Business models for monetizing V2X applications
Examination of IEEE 802.11p and C-V2X engagements worldwide, including case studies of 22 live V2X deployments
Spectrum availability and allocation for V2X across the global, regional and national regulatory domains
Standardization, regulatory and collaborative initiatives
Future roadmap and value chain
Profiles and strategies of over 330 leading ecosystem players including automotive OEMS and V2X technology & solution providers
Exclusive interview transcripts from eight companies across the V2X value chain: Cohda Wireless, Foresight Autonomous Holdings, Kapsch TrafficCom, Nokia, NXP Semiconductors, OnBoard Security, Qualcomm, and Savari
Strategic recommendations for automotive OEMS, V2X technology & solution providers, mobile operators, cellular industry specialists and road operators
Market analysis and forecasts from 2019 till 2030

Forecast Segmentation

Market forecasts are provided for each of the following submarkets and their subcategories:

Submarkets

V2X Terminal Equipment
OBUs (On-Board Units)
RSUs (Roadside Units)
V2X Applications
V2X Backend Network Elements
V2X Security
Air Interface Technologies

C-V2X (Cellular V2X)
LTE-V2X
5G NR (New Radio)-V2X
IEEE 802.11p
IEEE 802.11p-2010
IEEE 802.11bd/NGV (Next-Generation V2X)
Application Categories

Road Safety
Traffic Management & Optimization
Navigation & Traveler/Driver Information
Transit & Public Transport
Commercial Vehicle Operations
Emergency Services & Public Safety
Environmental Sustainability
Road Weather Management
Autonomous Driving & Advanced Applications
Value-Added Services
Regional Markets

North America
Asia Pacific
Europe
Middle East & Africa
Latin & Central America
Key Questions Answered

The report provides answers to the following key questions:

How big is the V2X opportunity?
What trends, drivers and barriers are influencing its growth?
How is the ecosystem evolving by segment and region?
What will the market size be in 2022, and at what rate will it grow?
Which regions and countries will see the highest percentage of growth?
What is the status of V2X adoption worldwide, and what is the current installed base of V2X-equipped vehicles?
What are the key application scenarios and use cases of V2X?
How does V2X augment ADAS (Advanced Driver Assistance Systems) to improve active safety, traffic efficiency and situational awareness?
Can V2X improve road safety for pedestrians, cyclists, motorcyclists and other vulnerable road users?
What are the practical, quantifiable benefits of V2X – based on early commercial rollouts and large-scale pilot deployments?
What are the technical and performance characteristics of IEEE 802.11p and C-V2X?
Do VLC (Visible Light Communications)/Li-Fi and other short-range wireless technologies pose a threat to IEEE 802.11p and C-V2X?
Which V2X applications will 5G-V2X and IEEE 802.11bd systems support in the future?
How will V2X enable the safe and efficient operation of autonomous vehicles?
What opportunities exist for mobile operators and cellular industry specialists in the V2X ecosystem?
Who are the key ecosystem players, and what are their strategies?
What strategies should automotive OEMs, V2X technology & solution providers, and other stakeholders adopt to remain competitive?

Key Findings

The report has the following key findings:

Despite the ongoing 802.11p/DSRC versus C-V2X debate, regulatory uncertainty and other challenges, global spending on V2X communications technology is expected to grow at a CAGR of more than 170% between 2019 and 2022. SNS Telecom & IT predicts that by the end of 2022, V2X will account for a market worth $1.2 Billion, with an installed base of nearly 6 Million V2X-equipped vehicles worldwide.
While Toyota and other DSRC proponents are pushing ahead with their plans to roll out IEEE 802.11p in North America, Europe and Japan, pre-commercial C-V2X deployments have recently gained considerable momentum, spearheaded by cellular industry giants such as Qualcomm and Huawei – with support from automakers including Ford, BMW, Daimler, Groupe PSA, SAIC, Geely, Volkswagen’s luxury brand Audi, and JLR (Jaguar Land Rover).
Regional markets are also visibly divided with the Chinese Government backing C-V2X, Europe leaning towards IEEE 802.11p through its recently published delegated act on C-ITS (Cooperative Intelligent Transport Systems), and heated debates ensuing in the United States as a result of the 5GAA’s waiver request to allow C-V2X deployments in the 5.9 GHz band.
As a result, a number of automotive OEMs are beginning to adopt a flexible approach by choosing to deploy different technologies in different regions as they commit to V2X. For example, although GM has equipped its Cadillac CTS sedan vehicles with IEEE 802.11p in North America, the automaker is actively working with business partners to prepare for C-V2X deployment in China.
Besides becoming a standard safety feature on an increasing number of vehicles, V2X communications technology – through its unique non line-of-sight sensing capability – will play a critical role in ensuring the safe and efficient operation of autonomous driving systems, particularly with the commercialization of next-generation V2X standards, specifically 5G-V2X and IEEE 802.11bd.
The globally harmonized 5.9 GHz band continues to remain the preferred spectrum for V2X communications technology, with the exception of Japan – where the national regulator has allocated a single 9 MHz channel in the frequency range 755.5 – 764.5 MHz for safety-related applications based on V2V and V2I communications.
Early discussions are ongoing for the potential use of new bands, most notably in the 3.4 – 3.8 GHz and 5.9 – 7.2 GHz frequency ranges, as well as millimeter wave spectrum for LOS (Line-of-Sight) and high data rate V2X applications. Recent field trials using 39 GHz spectrum in the United States have demonstrated that millimeter propagations for V2V communications can work well in the distance range of 100 meters, without advanced beamforming techniques.

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Countries Covered

Afghanistan
Albania
Algeria
Andorra
Angola
Anguilla
Antigua & Barbuda
Argentina
Armenia
Aruba
Australia
Austria
Azerbaijan
Bahamas
Bahrain
Bangladesh
Barbados
Belarus
Belgium
Belize
Benin
Bermuda
Bhutan
Bolivia
Bosnia Herzegovina
Botswana
Brazil
British Virgin Islands
Brunei
Bulgaria
Burkina Faso
Burundi
Cambodia
Cameroon
Canada
Cape Verde
Cayman Islands
Central African Republic
Chad
Chile
China
Cocos Islands
Colombia
Comoros Islands
Congo
Cook Islands
Costa Rica
Côte d’Ivoire
Croatia
Cuba
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Democratic Rep of Congo (ex-Zaire)
Denmark
Djibouti
Dominica
Dominican Republic
East Timor
Ecuador
Egypt
El Salvador
Equatorial Guinea
Eritrea
Estonia
Ethiopia
Faroe Islands
Federated States of Micronesia
Fiji
Finland
France
French Guiana
French Polynesia (ex-Tahiti)
French West Indies
Gabon
Gambia
Georgia
Germany
Ghana
Gibraltar
Greece
Greenland
Grenada
Guam
Guatemala
Guernsey
Guinea Republic
Guinea-Bissau
Guyana
Haiti
Honduras
Hong Kong
Hungary
Iceland
India
Indonesia
Iran
Iraq
Ireland
Isle of Man
Israel
Italy
Jamaica
Japan
Jersey
Jordan
Kazakhstan
Kenya
Kirghizstan
Kiribati
Korea
Kosovo
Kuwait
Laos
Latvia
Lebanon
Lesotho
Liberia
Libya
Liechtenstein
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Macau
Macedonia
Madagascar
Malawi
Malaysia
Maldives
Mali
Malta
Marshall Islands
Mauritania
Mauritius
Mayotte
Mexico
Moldova
Monaco
Mongolia
Montenegro
Montserrat
Morocco
Mozambique
Myanmar
Namibia
Nepal
Netherlands
Netherlands Antilles
New Caledonia
New Zealand
Nicaragua
Niger
Nigeria
Niue
North Korea
Northern Marianas
Norway
Oman
Pakistan
Palau
Palestine
Panama
Papua New Guinea
Paraguay
Peru
Philippines
Poland
Portugal
Puerto Rico
Qatar
Réunion
Romania
Russia
Rwanda
Samoa
Samoa (American)
Sao Tomé & Principe
Saudi Arabia
Senegal
Serbia
Seychelles
Sierra Leone
Singapore
Slovak Republic
Slovenia
Solomon Islands
Somalia
South Africa
Spain
Sri Lanka
St Kitts & Nevis
St Lucia
St Vincent & The Grenadines
Sudan
Suriname
Swaziland
Sweden
Switzerland
Syria
Tajikistan
Taiwan
Tanzania
Thailand
Togo
Tonga
Trinidad & Tobago
Tunisia
Turkey
Turkmenistan
Turks & Caicos Islands
UAE
Uganda
UK
Ukraine
Uruguay
US Virgin Islands
USA
Uzbekistan
Vanuatu
Venezuela
Vietnam
Yemen
Zambia
Zimbabwe

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List of Companies Mentioned

01LightCom
3GPP (3rd Generation Partnership Project)
5GAA (5G Automotive Association)
5G-Connected Mobility Consortium
7Layers
A1 Telekom Austria Group
AASA
AASHTO (American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials)
Abu Dhabi Department of Transport
ACEA (European Automobile Manufacturers’ Association)
ADI (Analog Devices Inc.)
AECC (Automotive Edge Computing Consortium)
Airbiquity
Airgain
Alibaba Group
Allgon
Alphabet
Alps Alpine (Alps Electric/Alpine Electronics)
Altran
Amphenol Corporation
Amsterdam Group
Anritsu Corporation
Apple
Applied Information
Aptiv (Delphi Automotive)
ARIB (Association of Radio Industries and Businesses, Japan)
Aricent
ARM Holdings
Arteris IP
ASECAP (European Association of Operators of Toll Road Infrastructures)
Association of Global Automakers
ASTM International
Aston Martin Lagonda
ASTRI (Hong Kong Applied Science and Technology Research Institute)
AT&T
ATA (American Trucking Associations)
ATEC ITS France
Athena Group
ATIS (Alliance for Telecommunications Industry Solutions)
Audi
Auto Alliance (Alliance of Automobile Manufacturers)
Autoliv
Automatic Labs
Autotalks
Aventi Intelligent Communication
BAIC Group
Baidu
Battelle
BCE (Bell Canada)
Beijing BDStar Navigation
BJEV
BlackBerry
BMW Group
BMW Motorrad
Boréal Bikes
Brilliance Auto (Brilliance China Automotive Holdings)
Broadcom
Bureau Veritas
BYD
C2C-CC (CAR 2 CAR Communication Consortium)
CAICT (China Academy of Information and Communications Technology)
CAICV (China Industry Innovation Alliance for Intelligent and Connected Vehicles)
CalAmp
CAMP (Crash Avoidance Metrics Partnership)
Carsmart (Beijing Carsmart Technology)
CAT (Cooperative Automated Transportation) Coalition
CCC (Car Connectivity Consortium)
CCSA (China Communications Standards Association)
CDOT (Colorado Department of Transportation)
CEDR (Conference of European Directors of Roads)
CEN (European Committee for Standardization)
CENELEC (European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization)
CEPT (European Conference of Postal and Telecommunications Administrations)
Certicom
CEST Co. (Center for Embedded Software Technology)
CETECOM
CEVA
Changan Automobile
Chemtronics
Chery
China Mobile
China Telecom
China Transinfo
China Unicom
Chunghwa Telecom
CICT (China Information and Communication Technology Group)
CiDi (Changsha Intelligent Driving Institute)
Cisco Systems
C-ITS (China ITS Industry Alliance)
Clarion
CLEPA (European Association of Automotive Suppliers)
CMC (Connected Motorcycle Consortium)
CMIoT (China Mobile IoT)
CNH Industrial
Cohda Wireless
Commsignia
Confidex
Connected Signals
Continental
ConVeX (Connected Vehicle-to-Everything of Tomorrow) Consortium
CSTI (Council for Science, Technology and Innovation, Japan)
Cubic Corporation
Cubic Telecom
Cybercom Group
Cypress Semiconductor Corporation
DAF Trucks
Daimler
Daimler Trucks
Danlaw
Datang Telecom Technology & Industry Group
DEKRA
Delphi Technologies
Denso Corporation
Derq
Desay SV Automotive
DFM (Dongfeng Motor Corporation)
DT (Deutsche Telekom)
DT&C
Ducati Motor Holding
DXC Technology
EATA (European Automotive and Telecom Alliance)
Econolite
EFKON
Ericsson
ERTICO – ITS Europe
ERTRAC (European Road Transport Research Advisory Council)
ESCRYPT
eSSys
ETAS
ETRI (Electronics & Telecommunications Research Institute, South Korea)
ETSI (European Telecommunications Standards Institute)
Eurofins Scientific
European Commission
Faraday Future
FAW Group
FCA (Fiat Chrysler Automobiles)
Ferrari
FET (Far EasTone Telecommunications)
FEV Group
Ficosa
Firefly LiFi (Firefly Wireless Networks)
Flex
FLIR Systems
Fluidmesh Networks
Ford Motor Company
Foresight Autonomous Holdings
Forward Electronics
Fraunhofer FOKUS (Institute for Open Communication Systems)
Fraunhofer HHI (Heinrich Hertz Institute)
Fraunhofer IIS (Institute for Integrated Circuits)
Fraunhofer SIT (Institute for Secure Information Technology)
Fujitsu
GAC Group (Guangzhou Automobile Group)
GCF (Global Certification Forum)
Geely Auto
Geely Holding
Gemalto
GENIVI Alliance
Genvict
GM (General Motors)
Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company
Google
Gosuncn Technology Group
Great Wall Motor Company
Green Hills Software
Griiip
Groupe PSA
Groupe Renault
GSMA
HAAS Alert
Halla Group
Hancom MDS
Harada Industry
HARMAN International
Helix Technologies
HELLA
HERE Technologies
Hino Motors
Hirschmann Car Communication
HiSilicon
Hitachi
HKT
HNTB Corporation
Honda Motor Corporation
HORIBA MIRA
HSAE/Hangsheng Technology
Huali/iSmartWays Technology
Huawei
Hyundai Mobis
Hyundai Motor Company
Hyundai Motor Group
IAV
IBM Corporation
IDnomic
IEC (International Electrotechnical Commission)
IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers)
IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force)
IMDA (Info-Communications Media Development Authority, Singapore)
IMT-2020 (5G) Promotion Group
Infineon Technologies
INRIX
Intel Corporation
InterDigital
Intertek
Invengo
IPC (Increment P Corporation)
ISED (Innovation, Science and Economic Development Canada)
ISO (International Organization for Standardization)
ISS (INTEGRITY Security Services)
Isuzu Motors
ITE (Institute of Transportation Engineers)
Iteris
ITRI (Industrial Technology Research Institute, Taiwan)
iTRONICS
ITS America (Intelligent Transportation Society of America)
ITS Asia-Pacific
ITS Australia
ITS Canada
ITS China
ITS Connect Promotion Consortium
ITS Info-Communications Forum
ITS Japan
ITS Korea
ITS Singapore
ITS Taiwan
ITS UK (United Kingdom)
ITT (IT Telecom)
ITU (International Telecommunication Union)
Iveco
JEITA (Japan Electronics and Information Technology Industries Association)
Jin Woo Industrial
JISC (Japanese Industrial Standards Committee)
JLR (Jaguar Land Rover)
JRC (Japan Radio Company)
JSAE (Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan)
Juniper Networks
JVCKENWOOD Corporation
Kapsch TrafficCom
Karamba Security
KATS (Korean Agency for Technology and Standards)
Kawasaki Heavy Industries
KDDI Corporation
Keysight Technologies
Kia Motors Corporation
KOSTAL Group (Leopold Kostal)
KPN
KSAE (Korean Society Automotive Engineers)
KT Corporation
KTM
Kymeta Corporation
Kyocera Corporation
LACROIX City/LACROIX Neavia
Laird
Lear Corporation
Leidos
Lenovo
Leonardo
Lesswire
LG Electronics
LG Innotek
Linux Foundation
LITE-ON Technology Corporation
LMT (Latvijas Mobilais Telefons)
LoJack
Longsung Technology
Lucid Motors
Luxoft
Lyft
Magna International
Magneti Marelli
Mahindra & Mahindra
MAN
Mando Corporation
Marben
Marvell
Mazda Motor Corporation
McCain
McLaren Automotive
Mediatek
MEMA (Motor & Equipment Manufacturers Association)
Mentor
MET Labs (MET Laboratories)
Michelin
Microchip Technology
Microsemi Corporation
Microsoft Corporation
MIIT (Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, China)
MinebeaMitsumi Group
MINI
Mitsuba Corporation
Mitsubishi Electric Corporation
Mitsubishi Motors Corporation
MLIT (Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism, Japan)
Mobile Mark
Mobileye
Molex
MOLIT (Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport, South Korea)
Motorola Mobility
Murata Manufacturing
NavInfo
Navistar
Navya
Nebula Link
NEC Corporation
NEMA (National Electrical Manufacturers Association)
Neology
Neoway Technology
Neusoft Reach
NEVS (National Electric Vehicle Sweden)
Nexar
Nexus Group
NGMN Alliance
NI (National Instruments)
NICT (National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Japan)
NIO
Nissan Motor Corporation
NJR (New Japan Radio)
Nokia
Nordsys
Noris Network
NTT DoCoMo
NXP Semiconductors
NYC DOT (New York City Department of Transportation)
Objective Software
OICA (International Organization of Motor Vehicle Manufacturers)
Oki Electric Industry
Oledcomm
OmniAir Consortium
OnBoard Security
oneM2M
OnStar
OPPO
Orange
P3 Group
PACCAR
Panasonic Corporation
Parsons Corporation
PCCW
Peloton Technology
Penta Security Systems
Phantom Auto
PIARC (World Road Association)
Pioneer Corporation
POLIS (Cities and Regions for Transport Innovation)
Prettl Group
Proximus Group
Pulse Electronics
pureLiFi
Q-Free
Qianxun SI (Spatial Intelligence)
QNX Software Systems
Qorvo
Qosmotec Software Solutions
Qualcomm
Quectel Wireless Solutions
Queensland TMR (Department of Transport and Main Roads)
RANIX
Redpine Signals
Renesas Electronics Corporation
Robert Bosch
Rohde & Schwarz
ROHM Semiconductor
Rolls-Royce Motor Cars
RoyalTek
S.E.A. Datentechnik
SAE International
SAE-China (Society of Automotive Engineers of China)
Safety Spectrum Coalition
SAIC Motor Corporation
Saleen Automotive
Samsung Electronics
Sanjole
Sanyo Techno Solutions Tottori
Savari
Scania
SEAT
Security Innovation
Sensefields
Sequans Communications
SGS
Shanghai Gotell Communication Technology Holdings (roam2free)
Siemens
Sierra Wireless
SIMCom Wireless Solutions
Sinclair Broadcast Group
SiriusXM
SK C&C
SK Telecom
Škoda Auto
Skyworks Solutions
Smart Mobile Labs
Smarteq Wireless
SMARTRAC
Socionext
SoftBank Group
Spirent Communications
SsangYong Motor Company
STAR Systems International
STMicroelectronics
sTraffic
Subaru Corporation
Sumitomo Electric Industries
Sunsea AIoT
Suzuki Motor Corporation
Swarco
Synopsys
TAICS (Taiwan Association of Information and Communication Standards)
Taiwan Mobile
Taoglas
TAPCO (Traffic and Parking Control Company)
TASS International
Tata AutoComp Systems
Tata Elxsi
Tata Motors
TCA (Transport Certification Australia)
TE Connectivity
Telefónica Group
Telenor Connexion
Telenor Group
Telit Communications
Telstra
Telus Corporation
Tencent
Terranet
Tesla
THEA (Tampa-Hillsborough Expressway Authority)
TIA (Telecommunications Industry Association)
TIAA (Telematics Industry Application Alliance)
TIM (Telecom Italia Mobile)
TISA (Travelers Information Services Association)
Tome Software
TomTom
Toshiba Corporation
TowerJazz
Toyota Motor Corporation
TransCore
Transport Canada
TRATON
Trek Bicycle Corporation
TTA (Telecommunications Technology Association, South Korea)
TTC (Telecommunication Technology Committee, Japan)
TTS (Traffic Technology Services)
TÜV Rheinland
TÜV SÜD
U.S. ARPA-E (Advanced Research Projects Agency – Energy)
U.S. FCC (Federal Communications Commission)
U.S. FHWA (Federal Highway Administration)
U.S. FMCSA (Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration)
U.S. FTA (Federal Transit Administration)
U.S. NHTSA (National Highway Transportation Safety Administration)
U.S. NIST (National Institute of Standards and Technology)
Uber Technologies
U-Blox
UL
UMTRI (University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute)
UNECE (United Nations Economic Commission for Europe)
Unex Technology Corporation
Unicore Communications
Unisoc
USDOT (U.S. Department of Transportation)
Valens
Valeo
VdTÜV (Association of Technical Inspection Agencies)
Vector Informatik
Veniam
Veoneer
Verizon Communications
Verizon Connect
Viavi Solutions
VIIC (Vehicle Infrastructure Integration Consortium)
Vinli
Visteon Corporation
VLNComm
Vodafone Group
Volkswagen Group
Volvo Cars
Volvo Group/Volvo Trucks
VT iDirect
VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland
W3C (World Wide Web Consortium)
Wanji Technology
Waymo
Wayties
Wieson Technologies
WISeKey
WNC (Wistron NeWeb Corporation)
WSP Global
WYDOT (Wyoming Department of Transport)
Xiaomi Corporation
Xilinx
Yamaha Motor Company
YoGoKo
Yokowo
ZF
Zotye Auto (Zotye Automobile International)
ZTE

Table of Contents

1 Chapter 1: Introduction 44
1.1 Executive Summary 44
1.2 Topics Covered 46
1.3 Forecast Segmentation 48
1.4 Key Questions Answered 50
1.5 Key Findings 52
1.6 Methodology 54
1.7 Target Audience 55
1.8 Companies & Organizations Mentioned 56

2 Chapter 2: An Overview of V2X Communications 62
2.1 What is V2X Communications? 62
2.2 Key Characteristics of V2X Communications 63
2.2.1 Types of V2X Communications 63
2.2.1.1 V2V (Vehicle-to-Vehicle) 64
2.2.1.2 V2I (Vehicle-to-Infrastructure) 64
2.2.1.3 V2P/V2D (Vehicle-to-Pedestrian/Device) 64
2.2.1.4 V2M (Vehicle-to-Motorcycle) 65
2.2.1.5 V2N (Vehicle-to-Network) 65
2.2.1.6 V2G (Vehicle-to-Grid), V2H (Vehicle-to-Home) & Adjacent-Concepts 65
2.2.2 Transmission Modes 66
2.2.2.1 Direct 66
2.2.2.2 Multi-Hop 66
2.2.2.3 Network-Assisted 66
2.2.3 V2X Message Sets & Service Capabilities 66
2.2.3.1 Periodic Awareness: CAM (Cooperative Awareness Message)/BSM (Basic Safety Message) Part 1 67
2.2.3.2 Event Triggered Safety Alerts: DENM (Decentralized Environmental Notification Messages)/BSM Part 2 67
2.2.3.3 CPM (Collective Perception Message) 68
2.2.3.4 MCM (Maneuver Coordination Message) 68
2.2.3.5 SPaT (Signal Phase & Timing) 68
2.2.3.6 MAP (Map Data Message) 68
2.2.3.7 GNSS Correction 69
2.2.3.8 SSM/SRM (Signal Status & Request Messages) 69
2.2.3.9 PSM (Personal Safety Message) 69
2.2.3.10 IVIM (Infrastructure-to-Vehicle Information Message), TIM/RSM (Traveler Information/Road Safety Message) 69
2.2.3.11 BIM (Basic Information/Infrastructure Message) 70
2.2.3.12 MCDM (Multimedia Content Dissemination Message) 70
2.2.3.13 Video & Sensor Information Exchange 70
2.2.3.14 Standard Voice & Data Services 70
2.2.3.15 PVD (Probe Vehicle Data) 71
2.2.3.16 PDM (Probe Data Management) 71
2.2.3.17 Other V2X-Specific Message Types 71
2.3 Wireless Technologies for V2X Communications 73
2.3.1 IEEE 802.11p/DSRC (Dedicated Short Range Communications) 73
2.3.2 C-V2X (Cellular V2X) 75
2.4 V2X Architecture & Key Elements 76
2.4.1 Vehicular OBUs (On-Board Units) 76
2.4.2 Non-Vehicular V2X-Capable Devices 77
2.4.3 RSUs (Roadside Units) 77
2.4.4 V2X Applications 78
2.4.4.1 V2X Application Software 78
2.4.4.2 V2X Middleware & Application Server 78
2.4.5 V2X Control Function & Cellular Network-Specific Elements 79
2.4.6 V2X Security Subsystem 80
2.5 Key Applications Areas 80
2.5.1 Road Safety 80
2.5.2 Traffic Management & Optimization 80
2.5.3 Navigation & Traveler/Driver Information 81
2.5.4 Transit & Public Transport 81
2.5.5 Commercial Vehicle Operations 81
2.5.6 Emergency Services & Public Safety 82
2.5.7 Environmental Sustainability 82
2.5.8 Road Weather Management 82
2.5.9 Autonomous Driving & Advanced Applications 82
2.5.10 Value-Added Services 83
2.6 V2X Business Models 83
2.6.1 B2C (Business-to-Consumer): Premium Charge for Non-Safety Critical Applications 83
2.6.2 B2B (Business-to-Business): V2X Capabilities for Enterprise Vehicle Fleets, Road Operators & Transportation Agencies 84
2.6.3 B2B2X (Business-to-Business-to-Consumer/Business): Monetization Through Intermediaries 84
2.7 Market Drivers 85
2.7.1 Safety: Towards a Zero-Accident Environment 85
2.7.2 Traffic Efficiency: Minimizing Congestion & Streamlining Traffic Flow 85
2.7.3 Lessening the Environmental Impact of Transportation 86
2.7.4 Facilitating the Adoption of Smart Mobility Applications 86
2.7.5 Enabling Autonomous & Convenient Driving 86
2.7.6 Economic & Societal Benefits 88
2.7.7 Government-Led Efforts to Encourage V2X Adoption 88
2.7.8 Maturation of Enabling Wireless Technologies 88
2.8 Market Barriers 89
2.8.1 Lack of Critical Mass of V2X Equipped Vehicles 89
2.8.2 V2X Mandate Delays & Regulatory Uncertainties 89
2.8.3 The IEEE 802.11p vs. C-V2X Debate 89
2.8.4 Spectrum Sharing & Harmonization 90
2.8.5 Security & Privacy Concerns 90
2.8.6 Technical Complexity of Implementation 91
2.8.7 Business Model Challenges 91
2.8.8 Public Acceptance 91

3 Chapter 3: Key Enabling Technologies for V2X Communications 92
3.1 Legacy DSRC/ITS Technologies 92
3.1.1 CEN DSRC/MDR-DSRC/TTT-DSRC 92
3.1.2 915 MHz/UHF RFID 93
3.1.3 Active DSRC Systems 93
3.1.4 HDR DSRC 93
3.1.5 ITS Spot/ETC 2.0 94
3.1.6 VICS (Vehicle Information and Communications System) 94
3.2 IEEE 802.11p-Based DSRC Systems 95
3.2.1 WAVE (Wireless Access in Vehicular Environment) 95
3.2.2 ITS-G5/C-ITS 96
3.2.3 ITS Connect/ARIB STD-T109 97
3.2.4 Other Variants 98
3.3 C-V2X Technology 99
3.3.1 LTE-V2X 100
3.3.2 5G NR-V2X 100
3.3.3 Interfaces for C-V2X Communications 101
3.3.3.1 PC5/Sidelink for Direct V2V, V2I & V2P Communications 101
3.3.3.1.1 Network-Coordinated Scheduling: PC5/Sidelink Transmission Mode 3 102
3.3.3.1.2 Distributed Scheduling: PC5/Sidelink Transmission Mode 4 103
3.3.3.2 LTE/NR-Uu for V2N Communications 103
3.4 Other Wireless Technologies 104
3.5 Complementary Technologies & Concepts 105
3.5.1 On-Board Sensors & ADAS (Advanced Driver Assistance Systems) 105
3.5.1.1 Sensing Capabilities for Safety & Awareness 105
3.5.1.2 Enabling Sophisticated ADAS Applications 105
3.5.2 Vehicle Safety Systems 106
3.5.2.1 Active Safety Systems 106
3.5.2.2 Passive Safety & Countermeasures 106
3.5.3 Other In-Vehicle Systems 106
3.5.3.1 HMI (Human Machine Interface)/Display Systems 106
3.5.3.2 Augmented Reality & HUDs (Head-Up-Displays) 106
3.5.4 GNSS & Precise Positioning 107
3.5.4.1 Enabling Lane-Level Accuracy for V2X Applications 107
3.5.5 Big Data & Advanced Analytics 108
3.5.5.1 Streaming & Processing Massive Volumes of V2X-Generated Data 108
3.5.5.2 The Significance of Advanced Analytics 108
3.5.6 Artificial Intelligence & Machine Learning 109
3.5.6.1 Self-Learning for Complex V2X Applications 109
3.5.6.2 Powering Fully-Autonomous Vehicles 110
3.5.7 Cloud Computing 110
3.5.7.1 Centralized Processing for Delay-Tolerant & Wide-Area Applications 111
3.5.8 Edge Computing 111
3.5.8.1 Delivering Localized Processing Power for Latency-Sensitive V2X Applications 111
3.5.9 Network Slicing 111
3.5.9.1 Flexible Allocation of C-V2X Resources over Mobile Networks 113

4 Chapter 4: V2X Application Scenarios & Use Cases 114
4.1 Road Safety Applications 114
4.1.1 V2V Safety Applications 114
4.1.1.1 Longitudinal Collision Risk Warning 114
4.1.1.1.1 Forward Collision Warning 114
4.1.1.1.2 Frontal/Head-On Collision Warning 115
4.1.1.2 Side Collision Risk Warning 115
4.1.1.3 Intersection Collision Risk Warning 115
4.1.1.4 Emergency Electronic Brake Lights 116
4.1.1.5 Intersection Movement Assistance 116
4.1.1.6 Intersection Priority Management 116
4.1.1.7 Blind Spot Warning 117
4.1.1.8 Lane Change Assistance 117
4.1.1.9 Highway Merge Assistance 117
4.1.1.10 Do Not Pass Warning 118
4.1.1.11 Left/Right Turn Assistance 118
4.1.1.12 Pre-Crash Sensing & Mitigation 118
4.1.1.13 Post-Crash Warning 118
4.1.1.14 Queue Warning 119
4.1.1.15 Slow or Stationary Vehicle Warning 119
4.1.1.16 Vehicle Breakdown Warning 119
4.1.1.17 Control Loss Warning 120
4.1.1.18 Safety System Malfunction Warning 120
4.1.1.19 Wrong Way Driving Warning 120
4.1.1.20 Drowsy or Distracted Driver Warning 120
4.1.1.21 Overtaking Vehicle Warning 121
4.1.1.22 Tailgating Advisory 121
4.1.1.23 Transit Vehicle at Station/Stop Warnings 121
4.1.1.24 Vehicle Turning in Front of a Transit Vehicle Warning 121
4.1.1.25 V2V Situational Awareness 121
4.1.1.26 Decentralized Floating Vehicle Data 122
4.1.1.27 V2V Road Condition & Feature Notification 122
4.1.1.28 V2V Hazardous Location Alert 122
4.1.1.29 Cooperative Glare Reduction 123
4.1.1.30 Virtual Tow 123
4.1.2 V2I Safety Applications 123
4.1.2.1 In-Vehicle Signage, Speed Limits & Safety Information 123
4.1.2.2 Infrastructure-Assisted Collision Risk Warning 124
4.1.2.3 V2I-Based Emergency Brake Alert 124
4.1.2.4 Public Transport & Emergency Vehicle Prioritization 124
4.1.2.5 Intersection Safety & Management 124
4.1.2.6 Red Light Violation Warning 125
4.1.2.7 Railroad Crossing Violation Warning 125
4.1.2.8 Stop Sign Violation Warning 126
4.1.2.9 Stop Sign Movement Assistance 126
4.1.2.10 Blind Merge Warning 126
4.1.2.11 Exit Ramp Deceleration Warning 126
4.1.2.12 Wrong Way Entry Warning 127
4.1.2.13 Work Zone Warning 127
4.1.2.14 Curve Speed Warning 127
4.1.2.15 Reduced Speed Zone Warning 128
4.1.2.16 Lane Closure or Shift Warning 128
4.1.2.17 Restricted Lane Warnings 128
4.1.2.18 Oversize Vehicle Warning 128
4.1.2.19 Low Bridge Warning 129
4.1.2.20 Low Parking Structure Warning 129
4.1.2.21 V2I Situational Awareness 129
4.1.2.22 V2I Road Condition & Feature Notification 129
4.1.2.23 V2I Hazardous & Accident Prone Location Alert 130
4.1.2.24 Dynamic Roadside Lighting 130
4.1.2.25 Adaptive Headlamp Aiming 130
4.1.3 V2P/V2D, V2M & Other Safety Applications 130
4.1.3.1 Pedestrian, Cyclist & Other VRU (Vulnerable Road User) Detection 130
4.1.3.2 VRU Collision Warning 131
4.1.3.3 Pedestrian in Signalized Crosswalk Warning 131
4.1.3.4 Mobile Accessible Pedestrian Signal System 131
4.1.3.5 Transit Pedestrian Indication 132
4.1.3.6 Work Zone Safety Alerts for Maintenance Personnel 132
4.1.3.7 Animal Crossing Warning 132
4.1.3.8 Motorcycle Approach Indication 133
4.1.3.9 Motorcycle Approach Warning 133
4.1.3.10 Slow or Stationary Vehicle Warning for Motorcyclists 134
4.2 Traffic Management & Optimization Applications 134
4.2.1 Traffic Light Optimal Speed Advisory 134
4.2.2 Intelligent Traffic Signal Control 134
4.2.3 Intelligent On-Ramp Metering 135
4.2.4 Traffic Signal Priority for Designated Vehicles 135
4.2.5 V2N-Based Traffic Flow Optimization 135
4.2.6 Adaptive Traffic Jam Avoidance 136
4.2.7 Dynamic Speed Harmonization 136
4.2.8 CACC (Cooperative Adaptive Cruise Control) 136
4.2.9 Flexible Lane Allocation & Control 137
4.2.10 ETC (Electronic Toll Collection)/Free-Flow Road Use Charging 137
4.2.11 Zone Access Control for Urban Areas 137
4.2.12 Road & Infrastructure Deterioration Diagnosis 138
4.2.13 Probe Vehicle Data 138
4.2.13.1 Traffic Operations 138
4.2.13.2 Road Network Monitoring, Maintenance & Planning 139
4.2.13.3 Other Transport Agency Applications 139
4.3 Navigation & Traveler/Driver Information Applications 139
4.3.1 Traffic Information & Recommended Itinerary 139
4.3.2 Enhanced Route Guidance and Navigation 140
4.3.3 V2X-Assisted Positioning 140
4.3.4 Point of Interest Notification 140
4.3.5 Fueling Information for Conventional, Electric & Alternative Fuel Vehicles 140
4.3.6 Limited Access Warning & Detour Notification 141
4.3.7 Work Zone Traveler Information 141
4.3.8 Enhanced ATIS (Advanced Traveler Information Systems) 141
4.3.9 Alternative Multi-Modal Transport Information 142
4.3.10 Smart Parking 142
4.3.11 Smart Park & Ride 142
4.4 Transit & Public Transport Applications 143
4.4.1 Dynamic Public Transport Operations 143
4.4.1.1 Real-Time Trip Requests 143
4.4.1.2 Demand-Responsive Scheduling, Dispatching & Routing 143
4.4.2 Transit Signal Priority 144
4.4.3 Intermittent Bus Lanes 144
4.4.4 Protection of Transit Connections 144
4.4.5 Transit Stop Request 145
4.4.6 Enhanced ETA (Estimated Time of Arrival) Service 145
4.4.7 Real-Time Ridesharing 145
4.4.8 Queue Management for Taxi Services 145
4.4.9 Route Guidance for the Visually Impaired 146
4.4.10 Mobile Payments for Public Transport 146
4.5 Commercial Vehicle Fleet & Roadside Applications 146
4.5.1 V2I-Based Data Collection for Fleet Management 146
4.5.2 Hazardous Material Cargo Tracking 147
4.5.3 Electronic Work Diaries 147
4.5.4 Freight-Specific Travel Information & Dynamic Routing 147
4.5.5 Drayage Operations Optimization 148
4.5.6 Container/Chassis Security & Operational Monitoring 148
4.5.7 Freight Signal Priority 148
4.5.8 Loading Zone Management 149
4.5.9 Smart Roadside Applications for Commercial Vehicles 149
4.5.10 Wireless Roadside Inspections 149
4.5.11 Smart Truck Parking 150
4.5.12 Intelligent Speed Compliance 150
4.5.13 Heavy Vehicle Road Use Monitoring 150
4.6 Emergency Services & Public Safety Applications 151
4.6.1 Approaching Emergency Vehicle Warning 151
4.6.2 Emergency Vehicle Preemption 151
4.6.3 Emergency Incident Traffic Management 152
4.6.3.1 Incident Scene Pre-Arrival Staging Guidance for Emergency Responders 152
4.6.3.2 Incident Scene Work Zone Alerts for Drivers & Workers 152
4.6.3.3 Emergency Communications & Evacuation 152
4.6.4 Vehicle-Associated Information Sharing for Emergency Response 153
4.6.5 Automatic SOS/Crash Notification Relay 153
4.6.6 Wide-Area Emergency Alerts 153
4.6.7 Disaster-Related Traveler Information Broadcast 154
4.6.8 Stolen Vehicle Notification & Tracking 154
4.6.9 V2X-Assisted Border Management Systems 154
4.7 Environmental Sustainability Applications 155
4.7.1 Eco-Traffic Signal Timing 155
4.7.2 Eco-Traffic Signal Priority 155
4.7.3 Eco-Approach and Departure at Signalized Intersections 155
4.7.4 Eco-Speed Harmonization 156
4.7.5 Eco-Cooperative Adaptive Cruise Control 156
4.7.6 Eco-Ramp Metering 156
4.7.7 Eco-Lanes Management 156
4.7.8 Low Emissions Zone Management 157
4.7.9 Dynamic Emissions Pricing 157
4.7.10 Connected Eco-Driving 157
4.7.11 Eco-Traveler Information Dissemination 158
4.7.12 Predictive Eco-Routing 158
4.7.13 Eco-Integrated Corridor Management 158
4.7.14 Road Environment Monitoring 158
4.8 Road Weather Management Applications 159
4.8.1 V2X-Assisted Road Weather Performance Management 159
4.8.2 Real-Time Alerts and Advisories 159
4.8.3 Spot Weather Impact Warning 159
4.8.4 Road Weather Information for Commercial & Emergency Response Vehicles 160
4.8.5 Weather Responsive Traffic Management 160
4.8.6 Enhanced MDSS (Maintenance Decision Support Systems) 161
4.8.7 Monitoring of Road Maintenance Vehicles & Operations 161
4.9 Value Added Services 161
4.9.1 Electronic “Drive-Thru” Payments 161
4.9.2 Wireless Advertising 162
4.9.3 Automatic Vehicle-Based Access Control 162
4.9.4 V2V Instant Messaging 162
4.9.5 V2I & V2V-Assisted Internet Connectivity 162
4.9.6 Media/Map Downloads 163
4.9.7 Vehicle Software Provisioning & Updates 163
4.9.8 Personal Data Synchronization 163
4.9.9 Vehicle Caravan Organization 164
4.9.10 Remote Diagnostics & Maintenance 164
4.9.11 Rental Car Processing 164
4.9.12 Insurance & Financial Services 164
4.9.13 Electric Charging Station Management 165
4.9.14 Wireless Electric Vehicle Charging 165
4.9.15 Other Applications 165
4.10 Autonomous Driving & Advanced Applications 166
4.10.1 Semi & Fully-Autonomous Driving 166
4.10.2 Cooperative Automated Maneuvering 167
4.10.3 Vehicle Platooning 167
4.10.4 Coordinated Signaling for Autonomous Vehicles & Platoons 168
4.10.5 Real-Time HD Mapping & Autonomous Navigation 168
4.10.6 Extended Sensors for Situational Awareness 169
4.10.7 See-Through Visibility 169
4.10.8 Remote/Tele-Operated Driving 170
4.10.9 Precision Positioning-Assisted Vulnerable Road User Protection 170
4.10.10 Data Uploads for Autonomous Driving Algorithm Tuning 171
4.10.11 Connected Powertrain Optimization 172

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