Open Nike's midsole! Let's take a look at sneaker cushioning technology! ! !

The midsole of regular sneakers will have two parts of filler, one part is the foamed rubber as the carrier, which is what everyone calls EVA and PHYLON. In fact, there is no essential difference between the two. Both are foam rubber. They are the same in structure and material, but the manufacturing process is different. PHYLON [failan] evolved from EVA. It has undergone a better process for secondary foaming, which is more flexible, lighter, and has better cushioning and strength feedback.
The picture below is PHYLON (SIZE Magazine)

Their structure is like sponge, with many small holes, which is the so-called "bubble" of foaming. The chemical composition of EVA is: ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer. Speaking of which, foam rubber is the earliest cushioning technology of modern sports shoes. Before AF1 was born, all midsoles of sneakers were filled with foam rubber. It was not until the birth of special cushioning technologies such as air cushions that foam rubber took the second place and became the backing and support used to inlay special cushioning technology units. For example, the general ZOOM AIR is plastic embedded in the corresponding cushioning position of the foam rubber, the heel and the forefoot.

The picture below is the air sole unit buried in the eva

These two parts are the most stressed parts of the human body during exercise, especially the heel. When we take off and land, first the forefoot touches the ground, and the arch of the foot first cushions; then the heel touches the ground, and most of the impact is borne by it. If we don't have any cushioning device under our feet, this part of the huge impact will start from your heel to conduct upwards and damage. First, your ankle and knee joints, then your spine, and then oscillate your brain through your teeth and cervical spine. Professional players wear silicone braces, which are not specifically used to protect their front teeth. One of the purposes is to cushion the destructive power of the brain. This is the fundamental reason for the existence of cushioning technology, that is, protection. Protect your joints, protect your spine, protect your brain. Of course, protect your feet first
And future trends show that foam rubber will develop in two directions. One direction is to continuously improve itself, such as CUSHLON (buffer rubber), LUNAR (moon buffer rubber), ADIPRENE/ADIPRENE+ (Eva manufactured by different processes is the same thing as Nike's PHYLON, but the density is different, and the foaming temperature is different.) The other direction is to use air cushion instead of foam rubber. The AIR MAX 360 technology is an attempt in this direction. The entire midsole is an air cushion, with only a small amount of foam rubber, and the outsole is directly glued underneath.

What is worth mentioning here is SHOX. I think that full-hand SHOX cannot be included in the scope of this development direction. Because the SHOX column itself is still foamed rubber, it is just another rubber column that emphasizes the rebound force. SHOX used to be the material of the suspension shockproof system of F1 racing cars. It is exactly the same as the material of LUNAR called the shockproof system of the moon landing spacecraft. Nike's promotion is so gimmick, but to be honest, LUNAR is much stronger than SHOX. Phylon is about 30% lighter. But its cushioning and power feedback are better than phylon, and it is also stronger than adiprene. I very much doubt that the R&D teams of SHOX and LUNAR are actually a bunch of people! SHOX can't sell money, it fails, and after a little adjustment, it will change its appearance. Research experience and costs cannot be wasted. I personally think that from the perspective of business operations, this is also where Nike is superior. And the purpose of all this, if you add a little imagination, the deeper intention is to combat competitors. What is NEW BALANCE? What ADIDAS? Do you think it's over if it's not my opponent in the air cushion? I'll stab you again at the last point! Even with cushioning rubber, you are not opponents! I won't give you any chance to breathe, I will suppress you hard and make you exhausted! I think, yes, it is so cruel! JUST DO IT, JUST KILL IT!
My conspiracy theory is over, and I have watched a lot of movies recently. The following content is the special cushioning unit that everyone is most concerned about. As mentioned above, foam rubber has become a material rather than a technology. Therefore, we do not need to use the word "special" to define the cushioning unit.
In fact, from the perspective of physics, all cushioning technologies are the buffering principle of physical deformation. Air cushion, honeycomb, DMX, oil bag, cushioning rubber, SHOX, A3, GCS are no exception. There is no exception, this is determined by the laws of physics. Unless magnetic levitation or jet-powered cushioning technology is developed in the future, or a bolder speculation, sports shoes that directly invent anti-gravity technology are good. You can go to outer space by wearing a pair of shoes and a spacesuit. It's a long way, this is not something that can be done under the current technological conditions. What I mean is that the existing cushioning technology cannot be classified strictly.

Comparing various cushioning technologies, in terms of success and influence, air cushion technology is undoubtedly the first choice. Brands using air cushion technology include Nike, Reebok, Converse, AND1, PUMA, SPALDING and so on. Since Nike released its exclusive rights to air cushion technology, many brands have developed their own air cushion cushioning technology, but Nike itself is the most successful. Nike's air cushion technology has been developed for more than 20 years and has various forms, the earliest of which is AIR SOLE.

As the foundation of air cushion technology, after years of development, AIR SOLE has also developed many forms: full palm, half palm, etc., I will not list them all here.

Then there is the AIR MAX air cushion, which is a large-capacity air cushion. MAX air cushions also come in a variety of forms, including single air chambers and multiple air chambers. The pressures of the inner and outer air chambers are also different. The outer pressure is strong, which highlights the support and protection and prevents the air cushion from being too soft to cause ankle varus injury. The inner air chamber has low air pressure and is mainly responsible for cushioning.

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There is also TOTAL MAX air, which is a full palm MAX air cushion assembled from multiple small MAX air cushions. The masterpiece is Pippen’s AIR MORE UPTEMPO

Later, a special MAX AIR called TUNED AIR appeared. There is a hemispherical rubber support inside the air cushion. Such an excellent air cushion has not been widely used because of the high manufacturing cost. The most representative in the field of basketball shoes is Garnett's Air Garnett 3.

At the same time, ZOOM AIR, the most successful air cushion form in history, was born! The first pair of ZOOM AIR basketball shoes in history should be AIR ZOOM FLIGHT 95, which is commonly known as fly compound eyes.

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Speaking of ZOOM AIR, I will spend a little more space here to introduce the most successful air cushion in history. In general, ZOOM AIR is also divided into full palm and half palm. At the same time, the half palm also distinguishes between large capacity and small capacity.

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The double-layer ZOOM air cushion on the back of the AJ18, the upper layer is the small-capacity half-hand ZOOM, and the lower layer is the full-hand ZOOM.

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Of course, the full-hand ZOOM was first applied to the AJ12, although it was not very successful. (The re-engraved AJ12 has improved the flaws in the design of the first year, and the foot feels beautiful and unusual.)

The 2K4 uses a large-capacity half palm ZOOM. Anyone who has removed this shoe will know how thick the ZOOM is on the back palm and how small is the forefoot.

ZOOM AIR can be made into almost any shape, so there are many forms. The most intuitive is the replaceable ZOOM unit of AJ21 and AJ22. Others include multi-air chambers and so on, so I won't list them one by one. By the way, there is another kind of CAGED ZOOM, which is an external cage. That is the thickest kind of ZOOM. The representative shoe is the pair of Air Zoom Drive AF that Nash wore. This air cushion is really very soft.

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(The air cushion of the cage ZOOM is actually the same as the 2K4 back palm.)

Similar to the PEPAX ZOOM of LBJ2 and LBJ3.

In fact, the official translation of ZOOM AIR is called "impact air cushion". The original design idea is to provide a stronger rebound force, and a thinner thickness can make the athlete's feet closer to the ground, not to emphasize the cushioning effect. In terms of rebound and thickness, ZOOM AIR has successfully realized the designer's intention. Needless to say, anti-elasticity, the number of basketball shoes that have successfully used ZOOM AIR on the forefoot is numerous. But in fact, what ZOOM really attracts us is its cushioning function. Whether it is half palm or full palm ZOOM, it provides us with soft and even cushioning, and at the same time brings unparalleled comfort. However, TOTAL MAX AIR, which seems to want to maximize the cushioning effect, failed to achieve this design goal. The reason is that TOTAL MAX AIR cannot achieve this effect with a single-chamber, unsupported structure. TOTAL MAX AIR is actually a combination of many small air cushions, and when this air cushion is embedded in the sole, it must be cast with harder foamed rubber for embedding in order to ensure its stability. However, this has resulted in a drawback. The support columns formed by these foamed rubbers in the gaps between the air cells greatly limit the deformation range of the air cushion. The air cushion cannot fully exert its cushioning function. When the air cushion is under pressure and sinks a little bit, it is no longer the air cushion, but the hard foam rubber. So TOTAL MAX AIR is not as it looks. Soft, it satisfies us more visually and psychologically. And ZOOM AIR completely solves these two bottlenecks. Unlike traditional air cushions, the filament fibers inside ZOOM do not limit the extent of the air cushion sinking, but are used to prevent excessive expansion of the air cushion. If they hadn't pulled the outer membranes of the upper and lower layers of the ZOOM air cushion, the ZOOM air cushion would expand into a sphere and burst soon. It can be said that this fiber pulling technology enables air cushion technology to achieve a qualitative leap in performance.

The picture below is Nike's official explanation of ZOOM AIR. This explanation is relatively objective, because it is indeed the best, so there is no exaggeration.

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Moreover, when the designer connects the two ZOOMs of the front and rear half of the palm into one, the full palm ZOOM AIR has another powerful function-the energy conduction effect of the heel and forefoot formed by the flow of gas. In other words, it will instantly transform the impact of your defensive take-off and landing into the explosive force of counterattack kicking. This feature immediately dwarfs RBK's DMX mobile airbag. Because DMX is too fragile. Speaking of durability, ZOOM AIR is also superior to other Nike air cushion forms. The burst ending of MAX AIR is almost inevitable, but it rarely happens in ZOOM AIR. Of course, ZOOM also has internal fiber breakage and "packing". ZOOM AIR can be embedded in EVA without sacrificing cushioning and comfort. In this way, ZOOM AIR has an extra layer of protection, and this layer of protection insulates the air from oxidizing the air cushion, making ZOOM AIR more durable, and there are fewer cases of "lifting". MAX AIR 360 technology has also achieved good results in cushioning performance, but it still cannot be as thorough as ZOOM. It always needs support pillars. And MAX AIR 360 is as short-lived as DMX. Therefore, ZOOM AIR satisfies the requirements of cushioning, elasticity, lightness, comfort and durability in terms of performance. ZOOM AIR is currently the best form of air cushion technology. It is not an exaggeration to say that it is the king of air cushions.
NIKE's air-cushion technology says this, let's briefly talk about other brands' air-cushion technology. In terms of air cushion technology, Reebok undoubtedly played the role of the second in the millennium. In fact, Reebok is recognized as a pioneer in the development of sneaker technology. Many modern sneaker technologies were first developed and used by Reebok. For example, carbon plate (CARBON PLATE) was the first used by Reebok. But Reebok's development of sneaker technology is like a bear breaks a stick, breaks a spike and loses a spike. They invented all the technologies, but there is no one they can handle. This is simply nonsense, making people dumbfounded. Reebok seems to be suffering from a neurosis. It is unreasonable to waste their own research results and make wedding dresses for others. I'm not getting into trouble anymore, after all, everyone has already been acquired. As Yao Ming and Xiao Ai age, Reebok is over. DMX is undoubtedly the head of RBK's air cushion, but AI 4 has made this seemingly perfect air cushion form for years. Who wants to spend 1,000 yuan to buy a pair of shoes that can only be worn for three months? Everyone knows the specific details, so I won't say more. Focus on the prestigious HALEX honeycomb air cushion. The structure of this air cushion has the same effect as ZOOM. But the honeycomb cannot be called an air cushion in essence, because it is not the gas inside that actually works, but the hexagonal honeycomb supporting pieces. This is why the honeycomb cushion is ruptured and leaks, and its cushioning effect is not affected. Therefore, the honeycomb air cushion is essentially a pseudo air cushion form. But because of its outstanding stability and good cushioning effect, it has been used as the main cushioning technology by many brands. PUMA and SPALDING are also more successful brands using honeycomb cushions. Despite this, the structure of the honeycomb cushion determines that its performance cannot be perfect, and it can only be a marginal role. Converse's helium gas cushion, the oil bag technology only changes the filling, there is no new idea in the design.

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